Xinhua News Agency, Shenyang, June 28 (Reporter Chen Mengyang) The reporter learned from the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences that the vanadium-based liquid-flow energy storage battery technology that has been researched for many years has reached international advanced level and will be China's future wind energy, etc. The large-scale use of new energy provides strong technical support.
According to Zhang Huamin, director of the Dalian Institute of Energy Storage Technology, the flow battery is different from the traditional solid-state battery in that it uses liquid flow to store energy. Since 2000, the institute set up a research group to conduct research on all vanadium redox batteries.
To test the battery life, on July 9, 2007, the institute began to conduct charge-discharge cycle tests on the successfully developed vanadium-laden flow battery, which successfully passed the 10,000-mark mark a few days ago. This is the first time that China’s flow battery has passed 10,000 cycles of charge and discharge experiments.
Zhang Huamin stated that the charge-discharge cycling experiment will continue until the battery under test reaches the life limit. He said that the vanadium flow battery technology with a life cycle of more than 10,000 charge-discharge cycles is also leading internationally. All of the materials used in this all-vanadium redox flow battery energy storage system independently developed by China have been domestically produced, and the price is more than 50% lower than the price of similar imported products imported from abroad.
According to reports, unstable energy output is a bottleneck for the development and utilization of new energy such as wind energy. The all-vanadium flow energy storage battery is mainly used for storing renewable energy to generate electricity, transform unstable wind energy and solar energy into stable power supply source smooth output. At present, most of the wind farms in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and other regions use lead-acid storage batteries. Such batteries have a short life span and are prone to environmental pollution.
Zhang Huamin said that all-vanadium liquid energy storage batteries are now proved to be the most suitable energy storage technology for smooth output of wind power generation. The service life of this system is more than five times that of lead-acid batteries, and the material recovery is simple and will not cause environmental pollution. The electrolyte is also more secure.
In addition to being used for smooth output of wind power, all vanadium-based flow energy storage batteries can also be used to "cut peaks and fill valleys" in the power grid, store electricity during low valley periods and output them during peak periods of power usage, and can also be used for The hospital, military facilities, communication base stations, etc., can continue to supply power in special places that cannot be powered off.
According to Zhang Huamin, director of the Dalian Institute of Energy Storage Technology, the flow battery is different from the traditional solid-state battery in that it uses liquid flow to store energy. Since 2000, the institute set up a research group to conduct research on all vanadium redox batteries.
To test the battery life, on July 9, 2007, the institute began to conduct charge-discharge cycle tests on the successfully developed vanadium-laden flow battery, which successfully passed the 10,000-mark mark a few days ago. This is the first time that China’s flow battery has passed 10,000 cycles of charge and discharge experiments.
Zhang Huamin stated that the charge-discharge cycling experiment will continue until the battery under test reaches the life limit. He said that the vanadium flow battery technology with a life cycle of more than 10,000 charge-discharge cycles is also leading internationally. All of the materials used in this all-vanadium redox flow battery energy storage system independently developed by China have been domestically produced, and the price is more than 50% lower than the price of similar imported products imported from abroad.
According to reports, unstable energy output is a bottleneck for the development and utilization of new energy such as wind energy. The all-vanadium flow energy storage battery is mainly used for storing renewable energy to generate electricity, transform unstable wind energy and solar energy into stable power supply source smooth output. At present, most of the wind farms in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and other regions use lead-acid storage batteries. Such batteries have a short life span and are prone to environmental pollution.
Zhang Huamin said that all-vanadium liquid energy storage batteries are now proved to be the most suitable energy storage technology for smooth output of wind power generation. The service life of this system is more than five times that of lead-acid batteries, and the material recovery is simple and will not cause environmental pollution. The electrolyte is also more secure.
In addition to being used for smooth output of wind power, all vanadium-based flow energy storage batteries can also be used to "cut peaks and fill valleys" in the power grid, store electricity during low valley periods and output them during peak periods of power usage, and can also be used for The hospital, military facilities, communication base stations, etc., can continue to supply power in special places that cannot be powered off.
- The Description of 3G 4G LTE/5G Antenna
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2G base station: GSM: 900/1800MHz; CDMA: 800 MHZ;
3G base station: CDMA2000&WCDMA: 2100MHz; Td-scdma: 1880-1920201 0 0-2025232-2370 MHZ;
4G base station: TDD-LTE: 2320-2370,2570-2620MHz; -
This paper discusses the key technologies in 3G/4G/5G (third generation/fourth generation/fifth generation) communication systems, and then discusses the differences in the antenna technologies adopted by them. After reading and studying a large number of papers on the key technologies of 3G/4G/5G communication system, here I make some analysis and summary of my own. With the rapid development of science and technology, mobile communication technology has undergone profound changes, from 1G to 2G, to 3G, and then to 4G and 5G. On December 4, 2013, the fourth generation of mobile communication 4G technology was officially operated in the Chinese market, which means that China's mobile communication industry has entered the 4G era. At this time, research institutes in various countries and world-renowned enterprises engaged in communication technology research have entered the research and development of the new generation of mobile communications, namely 5G (fifth generation mobile communication system). No matter which generation of communication system, the research technology is to analyze the characteristics of wireless communication channel to overcome the noise interference. A lot of researchers are now looking at Massive MIMO technology. How is it different from the antenna technology used in 3G/4G communication systems? Will it become the core technology of the next generation of wireless communications? 1 Key technologies of 3G/4G/5G Communication System 1.1 Key technologies of 3G Communication System Since the early 1990s, the mobile communication industry began to actively study the standards and technologies of the third generation of mobile communication. In January 2009, China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued 3G licenses to China Mobile, China Telecom and China Unicom, indicating that China entered the ERA of 3G mobile communications. The third generation mobile communication system mainly includes WCDMA, CD-MA2000 and TD-SCDMA. Its key technologies include: A. Rake receiving technology; B. Channel coding and decoding technology; C. Power control technology; D. Multi-user detection technology; E. Smart antenna; F. Software radio. 1.2 Key technologies of 4G Communication System In December 2013, China officially entered the era of 4G (fourth generation mobile communication system) communication network. In 4G mobile communication system, OFDM(Orthogonal frequency Division multiplexing) technology is adopted. OFDM technology is due to its spectrum utilization
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It is widely regarded as high rate of 2 and good anti-multipath fading performance. In the future, RESEARCH related to OFDM technology will also be carried out in 5G communication networks. The main key technologies of 4G communication system include: a. OFDM technology; B. MIMO technology; C. Multi-user detection technology; D. Software radio; E. Smart antenna technology; F. IPv6 technology. China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has just issued 4G licenses to the three major operators, and they are still deploying their networks on a large scale with a small number of users. At this time, China Mobile said it will start the RESEARCH and development of 5G communication system. Analysts pointed out that the three major operators are participating in THE RESEARCH and development of 5G, one is to keep up with the changes of The Times, and the other is that the demand is faster than the technology development. Li Zhengmao, vice-president of China Mobile, said at the 2014 MWC in Barcelona: "China Mobile will fully support the development of 5G projects, hoping to lead the industry in THE development of 5G technology and the setting of technical standards." With the deepening of mobile communication technology research, the key support technologies of 5G will be gradually defined and enter the substantive standardization research and formulation stage in the next few years. The jury is still out on what core technologies will be used in the future. However, I have compiled a list of nine key technologies that have been the focus of discussion in various high-end mobile forums. A. Large-scale MIMO technology; B. Filter bank based multi-carrier technology; C. Full duplex technology; D. Ultra-dense heterogeneous network technology; E. Self-organizing network technology; F. Use of high frequency band; G. Software-defined wireless networks; H. Wireless access technology: (1) BDMA (Beam Split multiple Access technology)
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3 (2) NOMA (Non-orthogonal multiple Access technology) i. D2D (device-to-device) communication. Figure 1 is the layout of Massive MIMO antennas in 5G communication networks. I am studying Massive MIMO technology in my lab. Figure 1 shows users communicating with each other centered on a large-scale antenna. The performance of wireless communication systems is mainly restricted by mobile wireless channels. Wireless channel is very complex, and its modeling has always been a difficult point in system design. Generally, statistics are made according to the measured values of communication systems in specific frequency bands. Wireless fading channel is divided into large scale fading channel model and small scale fading channel model. The so-called large-scale fading model describes the field intensity variation over a long distance (hundreds or thousands of meters) between the transmitter and receiver, and reflects the rule that the received signal power changes with the distance caused by path loss and shadow effect. A small scale fading model describes the rapid fluctuations of the received field intensity over a short distance or time. The large scale fading channel model is caused by the influence of the surface contour (such as mountains, forests, buildings, etc.) between the receiver and the source. The small-scale fading channel model is caused by the multipath effect and doppler effect. If there are a large number of reflected paths but no LOS (direct signal) signal component, the small-scale fading is called Rayleigh fading, and the envelope of the received signal is described statistically by the Rayleigh probability density function. If LOS is present, the envelope is subject to Rician distribution. Multipath effect phenomena cause flat fading and frequency selective fading.
The Picture of 3G 4G LTE/5G Antenna
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