China Lighting Electric Tourism Karst Cave Lighting Technology Zhou Xiyao (Guilin Chenshan Lighting Engineering Development Company Guilin 541004) According to the characteristics of karst caves, the types of cave lighting are divided, the illuminance and color tone are determined, and the types of lighting used for decorative lighting and common lighting methods are introduced. And based on the accumulation of practical experience, the recommended value of the lighting illumination of the tourist cave is proposed.
Look at the angle of chromaticity requirements and the connotation of the name of the attraction to set the blish 60% color reflectivity sp = 0% 80 / beads different, bookmark2 0 preface karst cave as a tourist object, in China has more than a thousand years of history, in the world This place has been around for hundreds of years. The cave tour lighting, the early use of torches and candlelight, until the arrival of the era of electrical lighting, cave tourism has a commercial nature, obviously, the real business tour cave exploration and development application began from the era of electric light source.
China is a large karst country. The exposed area of ​​carbonate rock is more than 900,000 square kilometers, accounting for about 180% of the country's land area. There are tens of thousands of karst caves, and the cave resources are extremely rich. In recent years, with the rapid development of China's economy, there have been new developments in tourism projects, and the social needs of the tourism market are growing. Under this circumstance, many people turned their attention to cave tourism, and more and more karst caves developed into tourist caves. In many poverty-stricken karst mountainous areas in China, the development of cave tourism resources has become an important way to get rid of poverty and develop local economy. More than 300 tourist caves have been opened to tourists in recent years. The more successful developments are: Reed Flute Cave, Yinziyan, Guanyan, Fengyuyan, Huanglongdong, Furong Cave, Yaolin Wonderland, Zhijin Cave, Dragon Palace, Benxi Water Cave, Shihua Cave, Ayigu Cave, etc.
The cave landscape is characterized by peculiarity, illusion and mystery. It is relatively static. It must be decorated with lights to turn the dark underground environment into an underground art palace. Based on the experience of previous cave lighting projects, this paper discusses some aspects of cave lighting technology, in order to improve the standard and better serve the tourism.
1 Types of karst cave lighting 1.1 Decorative lighting For each location, according to the distance, size, and measurement of the scene, and pay attention to the image, level, color and brightness of the scene. According to the artistic conception, the important scenic spots are lighted, shaped, and dynamic, and the overall effect is highlighted.
1.2 Tourway illumination The illumination of the light requires that the luminous flux emitted by the light source be effectively directed to the ground, and the illumination should be uniform. At the same time, glare should be avoided in the tourist's field of vision. The lighting fixtures are equipped with small moisture-proof footlights and are mounted on the side walls of the walkway with a height of 30cm.
1.3 Display lighting settings Dynamic display of tour route maps, scenic name light boxes, popular light boxes, indicator boxes, etc., to inspire, look forward to and review, and draw attention. Popularize cave science knowledge through science light boxes.
1.4 Emergency lighting cave tour is carried out in a dark and humid underground environment. Once power is cut off, it will inevitably cause tourists to panic and cause accidents. Therefore, it is necessary to set up an emergency lighting system. When a sudden power failure occurs, the emergency lighting system works to guide the tourists to safely exit the dangerous environment. Emergency lighting systems should generally use inverter power.
2 cave light illuminance selection of lighting inside the cave, such as decorative lighting, corridor lighting, display lighting, emergency lighting, etc., the country has not yet established illumination standards, the International Commission on Illumination (Cffi) did not provide recommendations. In the design of lighting, according to the three main factors of vision: the shape of the object (identification object), surface brightness, background brightness contrast, refer to the "Building Electrical Design Technical Regulations" on the building surface and various workplaces, roads, etc. The illuminance standard, that is, the minimum illuminance, is used as the illumination basis for the cave lighting design. Considering that the stone surface of various secondary chemical deposits in the cave is mostly milky white, khaki, brown, the reflectivity of the light is greatly different due to the color depth. According to the relevant information, the reflectivity of brown P=20%~30%, the reflectivity of khaki P=40%~ The white light restores the original masterpiece of nature 6nfelish4......ou atmosphere lightsreserved. China Lighting Appliance Under the value, in order to achieve the same surface illumination of the illuminated object, the illumination value needs to be increased by 1/P times.
Refer to the relevant materials and the accumulated knowledge and experience of lighting design and final effect evaluation for many caves in the country. The recommended values ​​for the illumination of cave lights are as follows: Decorative lighting: 10~20k Important landscape: >50k tour lighting: 2~5k display Lighting: 5lx 3 color to determine the tourist cave lighting has a strong decorative and artistic effect, it not only to provide comfortable visual conditions for the majority of visitors, but also through the coordination of various light colors, so that the quiet, dark hole environment has A certain atmosphere and artistic conception embody the style of sediments, and add artistic beauty to meet people's aesthetic requirements and psychological requirements to the greatest extent.
The cave lighting uses the artificial light to suppress, looming, false, dynamic, and control the angle and range of the projection to establish the composition, order, rhythm and rendering space of each scenic spot. Improve the proportion of space, emphasize the fun center, add space level, and define space orientation. In the case of a low background, the "bright frame effect" is highlighted to attract the attention of visitors to maximize the space and landscape created by the intention of lighting design.
Because the color reflected on the landscape is its unilateral radiation to different wavelengths, it selectively reflects or transmits, and the visual experience generated by tourists. Different wavelengths of radiation visually exhibit different tones. Red is a warm color, reminiscent of the sun, red flag, fire, making people feel warm, warm, warm; yellow is warmer, giving a noble, bright, cheerful feeling; green is the main tone of the forest, full of vitality It reminds people of green mountains and green waters, bright spring and freshness, symbolizing youth, peace and health; blue is an extremely calm color, forming an elegant and tranquil atmosphere, reminiscent of the blue ocean and blue sky. White is a cool color, which often makes people think of ice and snow, think of the cold, giving people an elegant, pure, peaceful feeling.
In cave lighting design, the application of various color lights is determined by the artistic conception of the landscape and the texture of the rock. When designing, first set a tone, all other colors must obey this tone, to make full use of integrated light, sometimes several kinds of light from different angles to illuminate the same landscape, will produce a lot of transitional colors, make the cave landscape look colorful . However, for large-scale, stone-quality landscapes (such as white stalactites, stalactites, tall and tall stalagmites or stone pillars, etc.), the colors are used with caution, and the degree of artistic acceptance, artistic level, and cultural level are generally accepted by tourists. The preferences are related to factors such as the use of landscapes and background light to maintain the design principles, but also to meet the needs of most tourists, to achieve 'a refined taste.
4 Types of lighting used for lighting and basic methods of lighting 41 Types of light used 41.1 Main light The main light is the main light that shapes the image of the image, also known as shaping light. It uses a direct light with obvious directivity. To form. In general, the main light is the most important light. It is used to depict the main image of the scene in the composition of the picture, to explain its spatial relationship, to use it to create light effects, to form the contrast and shadow of the picture. The main light determines the main direction of the light flow, the arrangement of the light spots and shadows in the picture.
The choice of the position and angle of the main light depends on revealing the image of the object and the key points to be highlighted. For example, to highlight the main stone of the hall stone pillar (Qingtian Yuzhu) should be cross-projected from both sides of the stone column, the sides of the stone column appear tall and tall. The main light should use a floodlight.
41.2 Backlighting Backlight, also known as contour light, is a kind of light that is directed at the visitors from the back to the viewing scene. Backlighting has the following purposes: 41.21 Backlighting can outline part or all of the contours of the illuminated object, forming a bright outer edge, which is often used to express phenomena such as golden chickens, farmers and snakes, and peacocks.
41.22 Backlighting can illuminate the dark side caused by the main light, and this darkness is difficult to eliminate with auxiliary light.
41.23 Backlight can express the transparency of translucent objects, such as: snow white jade stone flag. Spotlights should be used for spotlights, because the light of the spotlights is concentrated and the illumination is high, so that the object and the background are opened, forming a sense of perspective of the subject.
41.3 Auxiliary light-assisted light is a kind of soft light without shadow. It is used to match the main light to make up for the lack of expressive power of the main light, balance the brightness, and reduce the hard and rough shadow of the main light. , reduce the contrast between the bright part and the shadow part, express the details of the shadow part, make the picture more rich and texture. The auxiliary light can only act as a subsidy. The proportion of illumination between the auxiliary light and the main light directly affects the dark contrast of the picture. Therefore, the position, angle and light ratio of the auxiliary light should be appropriate.
Auxiliary light is commonly used in fluorescent lamps, PAR lamps, tungsten halogen lamps, etc., and the irradiation surface is wide, and the effect is good.
Ambient light is light that is used according to the artistic conception of the attraction, also called effect light. Appropriately set the effect light to highlight the theme and add atmosphere to make the tour to a climax. Such as the performance of the spring, summer, autumn and winter, the beauty of the city's night scene, the dynamics of the mountains and rivers, the noise of the underwater palace, etc., are reflected by the corresponding effect lights.
4.2 The basic method of lighting The actual lighting is a dynamic art is the result of the individual artistic creation of the lighting workers, so there is no fixed law, but the basic lighting method has commonality to many lighting workers, both three lighting law. The method is a basic illumination method composed of three kinds of light, that is, main light, back light, and auxiliary light.
The main light has the highest intensity of light and is the main source of illumination. The direction of illumination is usually determined by it. Moreover, it plays a major role in the viewing of objects. The position of the main light depends on the type of the subject being illuminated, the content of the presentation, and the desired location.
The auxiliary light is used to illuminate the area that is not illuminated by the main light, highlighting the level and depth of the landscape. The auxiliary light should not be too strong, otherwise it will destroy the image caused by the main light. Auxiliary light can only play a supporting role, and never plays a leading role. Sometimes you can get better picture effects with auxiliary light, but this lighting effect may be too conspicuous and too light.
Backlighting should be used properly. When using backlighting, there must be a choice in both quantity and direction. When the backlight is illuminated by the edge contour of the object, it can often reveal its depth and shape. In the case where the object and the background are in the same hue, the backlight also helps to display the outline of the illuminated object, making it easy to distinguish the different planes. If there is no need to backlight, the objects and backgrounds may be merged together, and the orientation is lacking in level and texture.
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