New energy vehicles are one of the hottest topics in the domestic auto industry in recent years. Various favorable policies such as the purchase of new energy vehicles exempt from vehicle purchase tax, vehicle and vessel tax, and no need to participate in the lottery are also continuous. To this end, many consumers have shifted their targets to new energy vehicles, but they are beginning to get caught up in the real purchase of cars: Do you want to buy new energy vehicles? Which is more cost-effective to buy and use new energy vehicles than traditional fuel vehicles?
At present, the new energy vehicles on the market are mainly divided into three types: ordinary hybrid, dual-mode hybrid and pure electric. This time we will select the cost models of these three types of new energy vehicles and traditional fuel vehicles. Is the cost of using the model more cost-effective?
Pure electric vehicle
Representative models: Zhongtai Yun 100, Tengshi, Tesla MODELS
At present, electric vehicles are mostly referred to as pure electric vehicles, that is, a vehicle that uses a battery as a power source. It uses the battery as the energy storage power source, and supplies power to the motor through the battery to drive the motor to run, thus pushing the car forward. From the appearance point of view, there is no difference between electric vehicles and vehicles that are commonly found in Japan. The difference lies mainly in the power source and its driving system. That is, the electric motor of a pure electric vehicle is equivalent to the engine of a conventional automobile, and the battery is equivalent to the original fuel tank.
Advantages: True zero emissions, no exhaust emission during driving, no pollution to the environment, higher energy efficiency than fuel-driven vehicles, more torque performance than fuel engines, while eliminating the need for engines, transmissions, fuel tanks, cooling and platooning The gas system, so the structure is relatively simple, there is no noise during driving, and government subsidies support.
Disadvantages: battery technology bottleneck, short cruising range, battery life problem, rare charging location and long charging time.
Tengshi electric car (2014 distinguished version): After the subsidy, the bare car price is 289,000 yuan, the tax is exempted from purchase, and the tax on the use of the car is free. The card fee is calculated at 500 yuan, and the land is about 289,500 yuan.
Charging equipment costs: Tengshi electric car purchase only comes with a portable charger, you need to buy a wall-mounted charger. A total of 15,000 yuan is required for purchase and installation.
Driving cost: Calculated at 15,000 kilometers per year, the electricity cost is 0.588 yuan / kWh (Changsha), the electricity consumption per 100 kilometers is 20 degrees, and the annual cost is 1764 yuan. Calculated for 10 years, the total cost is 17,640 yuan.
Maintenance cost: The maintenance interval of the Tengshi electric vehicle is 10,000 kilometers, and all of them are basically inspection items. Just replace gear oil, air filter, and brake oil regularly. The cumulative maintenance cost of the Tengshi electric vehicle in 150,000 kilometers is about 8,000 yuan.
Maintenance cost: The main power components (battery, motor, electronic control) of Tengshi Electric Vehicle are guaranteed for 8 years or 150,000 kilometers. In the first 8 years, you only need to change the wearing parts regularly. The total of 8 years is about 4,000 yuan. In the last two years, the annual maintenance cost is 5,000 yuan, and the total maintenance cost during the life is 14,000 yuan.
Insurance expenses: Calculated by paying strong insurance + 300,000 yuan + car damage + excluding deductible, about 6000 yuan per year, and accumulated about 60,000 yuan in 10 years.
Tengshi electric vehicle 10 years 150,000 km total cost of use: 289500+15000+17640+8000+14000+60000=404140 yuan.
Mercedes-Benz B-class (B200 luxury): 27,000 yuan after the price of bare car, purchase tax (half) 11,300 yuan, 950 yuan for strong insurance, 300 yuan for vehicle and boat use, 500 yuan for the card, 280,050 yuan.
Driving cost: Calculated by 15,000 kilometers per year, the fuel of No. 97 is 5.85 yuan / liter, the fuel consumption per 100 kilometers is 10 liters, and the annual oil cost is 8775 yuan. Calculated in 10 years of driving, the total cost is 87,750 yuan.
Maintenance cost: Mercedes-Benz B-class maintenance cycle is 10,000 kilometers or one year, you need to change the oil and oil filter. The air filter and air filter are replaced every 20,000 km; the spark plug is replaced every 30,000 km; the brake oil and antifreeze are replaced every 40,000 km; and the transmission oil is replaced every 60,000 km. The estimated maintenance cost of 35,000 yuan for 150,000 kilometers in 10 years.
Maintenance cost: Mercedes-Benz B-class vehicle enjoys a three-year unlimited mileage warranty. In the first 3 years, you only need to change the wearing parts regularly, and the total of 3 years is about 1,500 yuan. In the last 7 years, the annual maintenance cost is 5,000 yuan, and the total maintenance cost during the life is 36,500 yuan.
Insurance premium: Calculated by paying strong insurance + 300,000 yuan + car damage + excluding deductible + vehicle and vessel use tax, about 6500 yuan per year, and 65,000 yuan in 10 years.
Mercedes-Benz B-class 10 years 150,000 km total cost of use: 280050+87750+35000+36500+65000=504300 yuan.
Tengshi pure electric vehicle 
(Note: The new energy vehicles selected this time are based on the subsidy policy of Changsha. Since the subsidy policies vary from region to region, the cost of use will be different, and the cost calculated this time is compared under the same conditions. There is a deviation in the actual vehicle cost, and the comparative items in the article do not include the cost of daily car wash, illegal parking, parking, tolls, etc. The relevant data is for reference only.)
Hybrid dual-mode model
Representative models: BYD Qin, BYD Don
The dual-mode hybrid technology system, as its name implies, adds the rechargeable function to the original hybrid technology, forming two driving modes that combine the motor and the motor with the engine to output power to the vehicle, which not only reduces fuel consumption and emissions, but also reduces fuel consumption and emissions. Greatly improved power and handling performance, both rechargeable and refuelable multiple energy supplements, realizing the true dual-power hybrid system, becoming the most promising new energy technology at this stage, at least compared to pure The oil-electric hybrid system can realize pure electric driving in a short distance, achieving zero pollution and zero emissions.
Advantages: Under the premise of hybrid electric power, the plug-in function is added, and pure electric zero pollution zero-emission driving can be realized in the short-distance. Compared with ordinary hybrid models, the country can enjoy the new energy subsidy policy of 35,000, which is the highest in some regions. Up to 70,000 yuan.
Disadvantages: At present, the technology is not perfect, there are few charging facilities, and the actual use is mainly based on internal combustion engines. At the same time, imported models are expensive, and the price of independent brands has advantages but the brand influence is insufficient.
BYD Qin (flagship type): After the subsidy, the bare car price is 146,800 yuan, free of purchase tax, free of charge for vehicle use, the card fee is calculated at 500 yuan, and the price is about 147,300 yuan.
Charging equipment costs: BYD Qin car with a portable charger, a wall charger. The professional installation of the wall charger requires about 5,000 yuan.
Driving cost: Calculated at 15,000 kilometers per year, the ratio of pure electric driving and mixed driving is 7:3, electricity cost is 0.588 yuan/degree, 93# gasoline is 5.51 yuan/liter, and energy consumption per 100 kilometers (10.5 kWh + 1.6 liters of oil). It costs 2,249 yuan a year. Calculated for 10 years, the total cost is 22,490 yuan.
Maintenance cost: BYD Qin maintenance cycle is mixed 7500 kilometers or two years, the project is all for the replacement of oil machine filter, 2 maintenance before the car is free. The air conditioner filter and air filter are replaced once every 20,000 km, the fuel filter is replaced every 1 year or 20,000 km, the spark plug replacement cycle is 25,000 km, and the dual clutch transmission oil is replaced for the first time. The time is 55,000 kilometers, and then it is replaced every 60,000 kilometers. The estimated maintenance cost of 5,000 yuan is about 150,000 kilometers in 10 years.
Maintenance costs: BYD Qin manufacturers provide a full vehicle warranty of 6 years or 150,000 kilometers, battery life warranty. In the first 6 years, it is only necessary to change the wearing parts at regular intervals, and the total of 6 years is about 1,500 yuan. In the next four years, the annual maintenance cost is 3,000 yuan, and the total maintenance cost during the life is 13,500 yuan.
Insurance premium: Calculated by paying strong insurance + 300,000 yuan + excluding deductible, about 2,000 yuan per year, and 20,000 yuan in 10 years.
BYD Qin's total cost of use for 150,000 kilometers in 10 years: 147300+5000+22490+5000+13500+20000=213290 yuan.
Volkswagen Sagitar (230TSI automatic luxury type): 158,800 yuan after the price of bare car, purchase tax (half discount) 6,800 yuan, 950 yuan for strong insurance, 300 yuan for vehicle and boat use, 500 yuan for boarding, 166,350 yuan
Driving cost: Calculated by 15,000 kilometers per year, No. 93 gasoline is 5.51 yuan / liter, fuel consumption is 7.5 liters per 100 kilometers, and oil cost is 6199 yuan per year. Calculated by driving for 10 years, the total cost is 61990 yuan.
Maintenance cost: Volkswagen Sagitar maintenance cycle is 10,000 kilometers or one year, you need to change the oil and oil filter. The air filter and spark plug are replaced every 20,000 km; the air-conditioning filter and gasoline filter are replaced every 30,000 km; the brake oil is replaced every 40,000 km. The estimated maintenance cost of 15,000 yuan for 150,000 kilometers in 10 years.
Maintenance cost: Volkswagen Sagitar car enjoys a 3 year or 60,000 km warranty. In the first 3 years, you only need to change the wearing parts regularly, and the total of 3 years is about 750 yuan. In the last 7 years, the annual maintenance cost is 2,000 yuan, and the total maintenance cost during the life is 14,750 yuan.
Insurance premium: Calculated by paying strong insurance + 300,000 yuan + excluding deductible + vehicle and vessel use tax, about 2360 yuan per year, and accumulated 23,600 yuan in 10 years.
Volkswagen Sagitar 10 years 150,000 km total cost of use: 166350 + 61990 + 5000 + 14750 + 23600 = 281,690 yuan.
BYD Qin 
(Note: The new energy vehicles selected this time are based on the subsidy policy of Changsha. Since the subsidy policies vary from region to region, the cost of use will be different, and the cost calculated this time is compared under the same conditions. There is a deviation in the actual vehicle cost, and the comparative items in the article do not include the cost of daily car wash, illegal parking, parking, tolls, etc. The relevant data is for reference only.)
Oil-electric hybrid
Representative models: Lexus CT200H, FAW Toyota Corolla Twin Engine, Toyota Prius
Hybrid refers to a technology that uses two different sources of power in a vehicle's powertrain and is now more focused on hybrids. Commonly used methods to reduce fuel consumption include small displacement engines, reduced idle running times, engine operating point optimization, use of auxiliary or alternative energy sources, and reduced friction losses and recovery of braking energy. The auxiliary motor's electric motor can be activated at the moment. Power is generated, so owners can enjoy a stronger start and acceleration and achieve a higher level of fuel economy.
Advantages: 1. Refueling at the gas station like a gasoline car, without changing the habits of the car; the government and enterprises do not need to invest in new charging devices or filling stations.
2, fuel economy performance is high, and the driving performance is superior, the engine of the hybrid vehicle should use fuel, and at the start and acceleration, due to the assistance of the electric motor, the fuel consumption can be reduced, the internal combustion engine can be shut down, and the battery is driven separately. Achieve “zero†emissions.
3, the power is better than the same displacement of the internal combustion engine, especially in the acceleration of the start, the motor can effectively compensate for the weakness of the low speed torque of the internal combustion engine
4. Reduce the mechanical noise in the car, use the motor when running at low speed or idle speed.
Disadvantages: 1. The product price is too high. The cost of the two sets of power systems of electric motor and internal combustion engine is much higher than the cost of a power system. It is mainly driven by fuel and does not enjoy state subsidies and preferential policies.
2, long time high speed or constant speed driving is not fuel efficient. Because the advantages of hybrid vehicle fuel consumption mainly rely on potential energy to save energy, in other words, the more frequent the brakes decelerate during driving, or the frequent start of parking, the more energy-efficient. If you are driving at a constant speed for a long time, the energy saving effect will be reduced accordingly.
FAW Toyota Corolla double engine (Deluxe Edition): bare car price of 160,800 yuan, purchase tax of 13,700 yuan, 950 yuan for strong insurance, 360 yuan for vehicle and boat use, 500 yuan for boarding, 176,310 yuan
Driving cost: Calculated at 15,000 kilometers per year, No. 93 gasoline is 5.51 yuan / liter, fuel consumption is 4.2 liters per 100 kilometers, and the annual oil cost is 3472 yuan. Calculated for 10 years, the total cost is 34,720 yuan.
Maintenance costs: Corolla double engine maintenance is consistent with the normal version of Corolla. The cycle is 10,000 kilometers or one year, and the oil and oil filter must be replaced. The air-conditioning filter is replaced every 20,000 km; the air filter and brake oil are replaced every 40,000 km. The estimated maintenance cost of 7,000 yuan is 150,000 kilometers in 10 years.
Maintenance costs: Dual-engine Corolla enjoys a five-year, 140,000-kilometer warranty, while a hybrid battery enjoys an eight-year, 200,000-km warranty. In the first 5 years, it is only necessary to change the wearing parts at regular intervals, and the total of 5 years is about 1,250 yuan. In the last 5 years, the annual maintenance cost is 3,000 yuan, and the total maintenance cost during the life is 16,250 yuan.
Insurance premium: Calculated by paying strong insurance + 300,000 yuan + excluding deductible + vehicle and vessel use tax, about 2480 yuan per year, 24,800 yuan in 10 years.
Corolla double engine 10 years 150,000 km total cost of use: 176310 +34720 + 7000 + 16250 + 24800 = 259,080 yuan
FAW Toyota Corolla (1.8LCVTGLX-i): The bare car price is 158,800 yuan, the purchase tax is 12,889 yuan, the strong insurance is 950 yuan, the vehicle and boat use tax is 360 yuan, the card fee is 500 yuan, 165,499 yuan
Driving cost: Calculated by 15,000 kilometers per year, No. 93 gasoline is 5.51 yuan / liter, fuel consumption is 6.1 liters per 100 kilometers, and the annual fuel cost is 5042 yuan. Calculated for 10 years, the total cost is 50,420 yuan.
Maintenance cost: The cycle is 10,000 kilometers or one year, and the oil and oil filter need to be replaced. The air-conditioning filter is replaced every 20,000 km; the air filter and brake oil are replaced every 40,000 km. The estimated maintenance cost of 7,000 yuan is 150,000 kilometers in 10 years.
Maintenance cost: Corolla enjoys a three-year 100,000-kilometer warranty. In the first three years, it only needs to change the wearing parts regularly. The total cost is about 750 yuan in three years. In the last 7 years, the annual maintenance cost is 2,000 yuan, and the total maintenance cost during the life is 14,750 yuan.
Insurance premium: Calculated by paying strong insurance + 300,000 yuan + excluding deductible + vehicle and vessel use tax, about 2480 yuan per year, 24,800 yuan in 10 years.
Corolla's total cost of use for 150,000 kilometers in 10 years: 165499 + 50420 + 7000 + 14750 + 24800 = 262,469 yuan.
Corolla double engine 
(Note: The new energy vehicles selected this time are based on the subsidy policy of Changsha. Since the subsidy policies vary from region to region, the cost of use will be different, and the cost calculated this time is compared under the same conditions. There is a deviation in the actual vehicle cost, and the comparative items in the article do not include the cost of daily car wash, illegal parking, parking, tolls, etc. The relevant data is for reference only.)
Through the comparison of the cost of using these three types of new energy vehicles, pure electric vehicles have great advantages in terms of vehicle cost, but there are problems such as difficulty in charging, inability to maintain long-distance and high price; dual-mode hybrid combined with pure electric and oil-electric The dual advantages of hybridization can realize the short-distance power consumption, the technical characteristics of long-distance hybrid use, and the cost of use is intervened between pure electric and hybrid; although the hybrid electric vehicle is mainly fuel-powered, it can control the fuel consumption at 5L. The level of -6L, but the overall cost of the car is similar to that of a conventional fuel car.
What is Car Ethernet
Car Ethernet is a new local area network technology that uses Ethernet to connect the electronic unit in the car. Unlike traditional Ethernet, which uses 4 unshielded twisted pair cables, car Ethernet can achieve a transmission rate of 100Mbit/s or even 1Gbit/s on a single pair of unshielded twisted pair cables. At the same time, it also meets the requirements of the automotive industry for high reliability, low electromagnetic radiation, low power consumption, bandwidth allocation, low latency and synchronous real-time. The physical layer of on-board Ethernet uses BroadRReach technology, and BroadR-Reach's physical layer (PHY) technology has been standardized by the One-pair Ethernet Alliance (OPEN). Therefore, it is sometimes called Broad RReach (BRR) or OABR (Open Alliance BroadR-Reach). The MAC layer of vehicle Ethernet adopts the IEEE 802.3 interface standard and seamlessly supports widely used high-level network protocols (such as TCP/IP) without any adaptation.
On-board Ethernet protocol architecture
Vehicle-borne Ethernet and its supported upper-layer protocol architecture are shown in Figure 1. Vehicle-borne Ethernet mainly involves OSI layer 1 and Layer 2 technologies, while vehicle-borne Ethernet also supports AVB, TCP/IP, DOIP, SOME/IP and other protocols or application forms.
On-board Ethernet framework
Among them, AVB is an extension of traditional Ethernet functions, which enhances the real-time performance of traditional Ethernet audio and video transmission by adding precise clock synchronization, bandwidth reservation and other protocols, and is a network audio and video real-time transmission technology with great development potential. SOME/IP (Scalable Service-Oriented MiddlewarE on IP) specifies the video communication interface requirements for vehicle camera applications, which can be applied to the field of vehicle cameras, and realizes the mode control of driver assistance cameras through apis.
As an extension of AVB protocol, Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) introduces related technologies of time-triggered Ethernet, which can efficiently realize the transmission of automotive control information. In addition, the on-board Ethernet of the 1Gbit communication standard also supports Power Over Ethernet (POE) function and Energy-Efficient Ethernet (EEE) function. The POE function provides power for connected terminal devices while transmitting data through twisted pair cables, eliminating the need to connect external power cables to terminals and reducing the complexity of power supply.
On-board Ethernet standardization
In terms of in-vehicle Ethernet standardization, the IEEE802.3 and IEEE802.1 working groups, AUTOSAR, the OPEN Alliance and the AVnu Alliance have played a major role in promoting it.
The IEEE802.3 local area network standard represents the mainstream Ethernet standard in the industry, and the on-board Ethernet technology is developed on the basis of IEEE802.3, so the IEEE is currently the most important international standardization body for on-board Ethernet. In order to meet the requirements of the car, it involves the development of a number of new specifications and the revision of the original specifications within the two working groups of IEEE802 and 802.1, including PHY specifications, AVB specifications, and single-wire to data line power supply. In addition, AVB related to AV transmission, timing synchronization and other specifications also need to be standardized by other technical committees of IEEE, such as IEEE1722 and IEEE1588.
OPEN Alliance
The OPEN Industry Alliance was launched in November 2011 by Broadcom, NXP, and BMW to promote the application of Ethernet-based technology standards to in-car connectivity. The main standardization goal is to develop a 100Mbit/s BroadR-R physical layer standard and develop OPEN interoperability requirements.
AUTOSAR
AUTOSAR is a consortium of automotive manufacturers, suppliers, and tool developers that aims to develop an open, standardized automotive software architecture, and the AUTOSAR specification already includes the automotive TCP/UDP/IP protocol stack.
AVnu
The AVnu Alliance was formed by Broadcom in collaboration with Cisco, Harman and Intel to promote the IEEE 802.1 AVB standard and the Time Synchronization Network (TSN) standard, establish a certification system, and address important technical and performance issues such as precise timing, real-time synchronization, bandwidth reservation, and traffic shaping.
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